how do hedgehogs protect themselves from predators exclusivelyhedgehogs.com

Hedgehogs protect themselves from predators primarily by curling into a tight ball, which causes their spines (sharp, keratin-coated hairs) to point outward in all directions. This defensive posture shields their vulnerable face, limbs, and belly, making it very difficult for predators to attack them. Their spines are stiff and can poke into predators if the hedgehog is grabbed, causing discomfort. Additionally, hedgehogs may produce huffing or puffing sounds to appear more threatening or even click or pop as a warning. They can also ram their forehead spines into threats as a defensive behavior. Another unique defense is "self-anointing," where hedgehogs cover their spines with frothy saliva mixed with toxins or unpleasant substances they consume, potentially deterring predators by making their scent and spines unappealing or toxic. Hedgehogs have poor vision but rely on a highly developed sense of smell to detect predators early and avoid danger actively if possible. Their spines are individually replaced over time, ensuring their defense remains effective. In summary, the combination of curling into a spiny ball, vocal warnings, physical poking, self-anointing with toxic substances, and keen predator detection through smell constitute the hedgehog's main protective strategies against predators.