Mononucleosis, often called "mono" or "the kissing disease," is a contagious viral infection primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It most commonly affects teenagers and young adults and spreads through saliva, including kissing, sharing drinks, or utensils. Symptoms typically include fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck), fatigue, and swollen tonsils. Other symptoms can include headache, muscle aches, rash, and enlarged spleen or liver. Mono often starts with fatigue and general malaise before progressing to throat symptoms. The illness usually resolves on its own in a few weeks, but fatigue can persist for months. There is no specific treatment or vaccine; care focuses on rest, hydration, and symptom relief. Complications are rare but may include spleen swelling or rupture.
Causes and Transmission
- Caused mainly by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus.
- Spread primarily through saliva; also possible via coughs, sneezes, or sharing personal items.
- EBV remains in the body in inactive form after infection and is very common globally.
Symptoms
- Fever, sore throat with swollen, white-coated tonsils.
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits.
- Extreme fatigue lasting several weeks or even months.
- Additional symptoms: headache, muscle aches, skin rash, swollen spleen or liver.
Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis often based on symptoms and blood tests (e.g., lymphocytosis, antibody tests).
- No specific antiviral treatment; managed via supportive care: rest, fluids, pain relievers.
- Avoidance of contact sports during illness due to spleen enlargement risk.
This condition is common and usually self-limited but requires medical evaluation if symptoms worsen or persist.
