A shock collar, also known as an e-collar or electronic collar, is a device worn around a dog's neck that delivers an electrical current to control behavior through aversive training. It can be triggered automatically, such as in bark control or fence systems, or remotely by the trainer. The purpose is to discourage unwanted behaviors by causing discomfort or pain, but this use is controversial with concerns about animal cruelty. Shock collars were originally developed in the 1960s for hunting dog training and have evolved to allow varying shock levels. They are used for obedience training, behavior modification, containment, and sometimes in police or service dog training. The shocks are short in duration (6-8 milliseconds) to cause pain but not physical injury, though improper use can cause burns or stress. The effectiveness and humane use of shock collars depend on proper fitting, correct settings, and skilled trainers knowledgeable in dog behavior. Some studies suggest controlled and well-timed shocks can reduce undesirable behaviors without causing long-term harm, while poorly timed or excessive shocks increase stress and risk harm. The use of shock collars is banned or restricted in several countries and criticized by many animal welfare organizations. Shock collars can also have tone or vibrational settings as alternatives or supplements to shocks and sometimes GPS tracking functions. They can provide immediate feedback to the dog, which other training methods may lack. Overall, shock collars remain a debated tool, with advocates emphasizing careful use and opponents citing welfare concerns and the availability of less aversive training techniques.
