what causes a stutter

Stuttering is caused by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. It often has a neurological basis involving differences in how the brain processes language and controls speech muscles. Genetic factors play a significant role, as stuttering tends to run in families, with specific genes linked to it. Brain function differences, including in speech motor control and auditory processing, can contribute as well. Environmental factors such as stress and anxiety do not directly cause stuttering but can exacerbate it. Additionally, sudden onset of stuttering in adults can be triggered by emotional trauma, brain injuries (like stroke or traumatic brain injury), or medications affecting the central nervous system. Psychogenic stuttering, related to psychological stress or trauma, can also occur but is less common. Managing stuttering often involves speech therapy focusing on improving fluency and coping strategies, with treatment tailored to the individual's specific causes and needs.