Leg cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms of the muscles in the legs, often causing significant pain. The common causes include muscle overuse, dehydration, and fatigue from prolonged exertion or holding a position too long. Electrolyte imbalances—specifically low levels of potassium, calcium, or magnesium—can disrupt muscle signaling and cause cramps. Other contributors are poor blood circulation, nerve compression (e.g., in the spine), and certain medications, especially those affecting electrolytes or blood flow. Age, pregnancy, and medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease also increase risk. Often, cramps occur without a clear cause but are more frequent after intense exercise or in hot weather when muscles tire and fluids are lost through sweat. Stretching, hydration, and maintaining proper mineral intake help prevent cramps; during cramps, stretching and massaging the affected muscle can relieve pain.
