NASH disease, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, is the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It occurs when excessive fat builds up in the liver along with inflammation and liver cell damage. NASH can lead to serious liver damage including fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer. It is a progressive condition that can be silent in early stages and is often associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
What is NASH?
NASH is characterized by fat buildup in the liver that is accompanied by inflammation and liver cell damage, which sets it apart from simple fatty liver without inflammation. The liver's normal functions—such as breaking down food, storing energy, and filtering toxins—may be impaired as the disease progresses.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact causes of NASH are not fully understood, but genetics, metabolic changes, immune reactions, and oxidative stress may contribute. Common risk factors include obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, high cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome. Specific gene variations, such as in the PNPLA3 gene, are linked to increased risk.
Symptoms and Progression
NASH is often a silent disease with few symptoms early on. When symptoms appear, they may include fatigue and discomfort in the upper right abdomen. If NASH progresses to cirrhosis, symptoms can include intense itching, abdominal swelling, easy bruising, jaundice, and confusion. One-third or more of people with NASH may develop cirrhosis, which significantly impairs liver function and increases cancer risk.
Complications
NASH can lead to severe liver damage such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. It is also a leading cause of liver transplantation. Moreover, people with NASH have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which is a major cause of death among these patients.
In summary, NASH is a serious liver disease caused by fat accumulation and inflammation that can lead to irreversible liver damage and other health complications if untreated.
