The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and effective from March 1, 1781, until 1789. They established a "league of friendship" between the 13 original states, each retaining its sovereignty, freedom, and independence while delegating limited powers to a national Congress. The Articles created a weak central government that primarily handled war, diplomacy, and resolving disputes, but lacked authority over commerce and taxation.
Key Features
- The United States under the Articles was a confederation of sovereign states rather than a strong national government.
- Each state had one vote in Congress regardless of size.
- The Articles included provisions for mutual defense, free movement of people, and full faith and credit among states.
- Amendments required unanimous consent.
- The government could declare war, conduct foreign affairs, and maintain armed forces but could not levy taxes or regulate commerce effectively.
Historical Context
- The Articles were drafted during the American Revolution and codified the government structure already functioning under the Continental Congress.
- They reflected a cautious approach to central authority due to recent colonial experience under British rule.
- The weaknesses of the Articles, especially in financial and trade powers, led to calls for a stronger federal government, culminating in the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
Summary of Important Articles
- Named the new nation "The United States of America."
- Asserted state sovereignty and limited powers to the central government.
- Established a "firm league of friendship" for mutual defense and welfare.
- Guaranteed privileges and immunities to citizens crossing state borders.
- Each state had one vote in Congress.
- Required unanimous ratification for amendments.
The Articles provided the foundation for the transition from colonial governments to a united nation but proved too weak to sustain effective governance in the long term.
