The carotid artery is a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies blood to the brain, face, and neck. There are two carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, which each branch into an internal and an external carotid artery. The internal carotid artery primarily supplies blood to the brain and eyes, while the external carotid artery supplies the face, scalp, skull, and meninges. The carotid arteries are critical for delivering oxygenated blood, and any blockage or narrowing (carotid artery disease) can increase the risk of stroke.
Structure and Path
- The carotid arteries begin in the upper chest and travel upward along the neck to the base of the skull.
- The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of the fourth cervical vertebra (C4).
- The internal carotid artery has several segments (cervical, petrous, cavernous, etc.) as it travels into the skull through the carotid canal.
- The external carotid artery branches to supply various structures of the head and face.
Function
- The carotid arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain and head.
- The internal carotid artery supplies the anterior and middle cerebral circulation to the brain.
- The external carotid artery supplies blood to the outer parts of the head, including face, scalp, and skull.
Clinical Importance
- Carotid artery disease, involving narrowing due to plaque buildup, can lead to stroke by reducing blood flow or causing clots.
- Symptoms of carotid artery issues can include sudden numbness, weakness, trouble speaking, seeing, dizziness, or severe headache.
- Early detection and treatment are important to reduce the risk of serious complications.
In summary, the carotid artery is a vital artery on each side of the neck that bifurcates into internal and external branches to supply blood to important areas of the head and brain.
