Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. It is characterized by progressive weakness and impaired sensory function in the arms and legs. In CIDP, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath—the protective covering around peripheral nerves—leading to nerve damage that slows or blocks nerve signal transmission. This causes symptoms such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, difficulty walking, poor balance, and sometimes neuropathic pain. CIDP typically develops over at least eight weeks and progresses chronically if untreated. It is considered the chronic counterpart to the acute Guillain-Barré syndrome. The condition can vary in severity, sometimes requiring mobility aids like wheelchairs or walkers. The exact cause is not fully understood, but the immune system's abnormal attack on myelin is central. CIDP can affect people of all ages but is more common in men. Despite its rarity, many patients benefit from treatment aimed at managing symptoms and preventing disability. In summary, CIDP is a long-term, progressive autoimmune nerve disorder causing muscle weakness and sensory impairment primarily in the arms and legs due to immune-mediated damage to nerve insulation (myelin). It requires medical diagnosis and treatment for management and improved outcomes.
