Rulers of Indian states between 1750 and 1900 exercised only limited power independently from the British. While some rulers maintained nominal internal autonomy, British paramountcy and control over foreign affairs and succession significantly curtailed their independence.
Early Independence and Gradual British Control
In the early 18th century, many Indian states retained independence after the decline of the Mughal Empire. However, following key events like the Battle of Plassey in 1757, British influence expanded rapidly through the East India Company. Indian rulers were increasingly subordinated to British authority through treaties and alliances. The Doctrine of Lapse and subsidiary alliance system made Indian rulers dependent on British military and political power for survival, reducing their sovereignty.
British Paramountcy and Limited Autonomy
By the mid-19th century, British paramountcy was firmly established. Indian princely states were maintained as native regimes, but their rulers operated under British suzerainty. Although the rulers retained nominal authority over internal matters, British Residents monitored and controlled key decisions, especially succession. The rulers could not conduct independent foreign policy or military actions without British approval. This relationship was enforced by treaties backed by military threats, making the rulers reliant on British protection.
Factors Influencing Independence
- Geographical location: Remote or difficult-to-access states sometimes had more de facto autonomy.
- Relationships with the British: Friendly rulers often enjoyed more latitude; hostile ones faced direct interference or annexation.
- Political context: Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, British control tightened further and direct rule by the Crown was established, limiting princely power even more.
Summary
While Indian rulers retained the appearance of power within their states, British control over external affairs, military protection, and succession policies meant their independent exercise of power was substantially limited between 1750 and 1900. The British used both diplomacy and force to ensure Indian states remained subordinate components of their empire while preserving native rulers as loyal allies to maintain regional stability.