how do cats communicate with each other

Cats communicate with each other primarily through a combination of body language, vocalizations, physical touch, and chemical signals. They use non- verbal cues like tail position, ear orientation, and facial expressions to express emotions such as friendliness or threat. Physical behaviors include touching noses as a greeting, rubbing bodies or tails to exchange scents, and grooming. Vocalizations such as purring, trilling, growling, hissing, and yowling serve different social and defensive purposes, but meowing is mostly reserved for communication with humans rather than other cats. Chemical communication involves scent marking through rubbing, urine spraying, and pheromones to mark territory and convey social status. This complex communication system helps cats express affection, establish dominance, warn of danger, and coordinate social interactions within their groups.