Canine distemper is spread primarily through airborne droplets and direct contact with infected animals or contaminated objects. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are especially at risk. Here’s a concise overview of how transmission occurs, what factors influence it, and how vaccination helps mitigate risk. How distemper spreads
- Airborne droplets: When an infected dog coughs, sneezes, or barks, tiny virus-containing droplets are released into the air and can be inhaled by nearby dogs.
- Direct contact: Sharing saliva, urine, nasal secretions, or other bodily fluids with an infected animal can transfer the virus.
- Fomites: Viruses can linger on contaminated objects (e.g., food bowls, clothing, cages) and spread to a susceptible dog that touches or licks those items.
- Vertical transmission: In some cases, the virus can be transmitted from an infected dam to her puppies through the placenta, particularly in breeding scenarios.
Why some dogs get distemper and others don’t
- Age and immunity: Puppies (roughly 3–6 months old) are especially susceptible because maternal antibody protection wanes and the immune system is still developing.
- Vaccination status: Dogs that are not up-to-date with core vaccines (including distemper) are at high risk.
- Exposure level: Environments with close contact between dogs (shelters, kennels, puppy facilities) increase exposure risk.
- Health status: Immunocompromised dogs or those with concurrent illnesses may be more vulnerable and have more severe disease.
Why vaccination matters
- Core protection: The distemper vaccine is a core vaccination, typically given in combination with vaccines for other illnesses. Proper vaccination greatly reduces the risk of infection and severe disease.
- Herd protection: Widespread vaccination lowers virus circulation in the population, protecting unvaccinated animals as well.
Signs to watch for (not a substitute for veterinary care)
- Early: Fever, nasal/ocular discharge, coughing, loss of appetite, lethargy.
- Progression: Digestive upset (vomiting/diarrhea), thickened paw pads, skin changes, dehydration.
- Neurological involvement: Seizures, tremors, ataxia, or other unusual nervous system signs in advanced cases.
What to do if you suspect distemper
- Seek prompt veterinary care. Early supportive care can improve outcomes, though distemper can be difficult to treat.
- Isolate the affected dog to prevent spread to others.
- Ensure all dogs in the household are up-to-date on vaccinations and consult a vet about vaccination plans for any unvaccinated animals.
If you’d like, I can tailor this to your situation (e.g., your dog’s age, vaccination history, exposure risk) and summarize current veterinary guidance from reputable sources.
