To become a cardinal in the Catholic Church, the process involves several key steps and conditions:
- Ordination as a Priest : Since 1917, a potential cardinal must be at least a priest. This requires going through seminary education, ordination as a deacon, and then as a priest
- Becoming a Bishop (Typically) : Most cardinals are bishops or archbishops. Canon law generally requires that priests designated to become cardinals receive episcopal consecration, although there are exceptions, especially for those over 80 years old or for special reasons granted by the pope
- Distinguished Service : Candidates for the cardinalate are usually outstanding in doctrine, morals, piety, and prudence in action. Many are bishops or archbishops leading significant dioceses or officials in the Roman Curia. Their work and reputation within the Church are important factors
- Papal Appointment : The pope has complete freedom to select cardinals. There is no formal application process; the pope personally chooses whom to elevate to the College of Cardinals, often based on recommendations and the candidate’s service to the Church
- Formal Creation : Cardinals are created in a public consistory by the pope and hold the title for life. They become members of the College of Cardinals, whose duties include advising the pope and electing a new pope in a conclave if they are under 80 years old
In summary, to become a cardinal, one must first be ordained a priest, usually become a bishop or archbishop, demonstrate exceptional service and virtue, and be appointed by the pope. The process is based largely on papal discretion and tradition rather than fixed criteria
