Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs due to an imbalance in the natural bacteria of the vagina. Normally, the vagina has a dominance of beneficial bacteria called lactobacilli, which keep the environment slightly acidic and prevent overgrowth of harmful bacteria. BV happens when the number of lactobacilli decreases and other bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis and various anaerobic bacteria, grow excessively
. How you can get bacterial vaginosis:
- Sexual activity can increase the risk of BV, although BV is not classified strictly as a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Women who are sexually active, have a new or multiple partners, or have female sexual partners are more likely to develop BV
. BV can be passed between women during sex, and some recent research suggests it may be transmitted sexually, but this is still under study
- Use of an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception is linked to a higher chance of BV, especially if irregular bleeding occurs
- Using perfumed or scented products around the vagina, douching, or other intravaginal hygiene products can disrupt the natural bacterial balance and lead to BV
- Other risk factors include smoking, frequent bathing, stress, and having multiple sexual partners
- BV can also occur in women who have never had sex, indicating that sexual activity is not the sole cause
In summary, BV results from a disruption of the normal vaginal bacterial ecosystem, often influenced by sexual activity, contraceptive devices, hygiene practices, and other factors that reduce protective lactobacilli and allow overgrowth of other bacteria
