Kidney stones form when certain substances in urine, such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or other minerals, become too concentrated and crystallize into solid masses. This happens when there is an imbalance, such as having too much of these substances or too little fluid to dilute them. Factors that can cause this imbalance include dehydration, certain medical conditions, dietary habits, genetics, and some medications. Most kidney stones are made of calcium salts, often calcium oxalate, but can also be formed from uric acid, struvite, or cystine. Kidney stones can develop due to:
- Not drinking enough fluids, leading to concentrated urine.
- High levels of calcium, oxalate, or uric acid in the urine.
- Medical conditions such as overactive parathyroid glands, gout, or urinary tract infections.
- Dietary factors like high salt intake, high animal protein consumption, and foods rich in oxalate.
- Genetic predispositions and anatomical abnormalities.
In addition, a lack of substances like citrate that normally prevent stone formation, and the acidity level of urine, play a role in stone development. Some medications and health conditions can also increase the risk of kidney stones.
