how far can a male dog smell a female in heat

A male dog can smell a female dog in heat from about 3 miles (approximately 4.8 kilometers) away, depending on factors like weather conditions, humidity, and wind direction. Dogs have an extremely sensitive sense of smell, thousands of times more acute than humans', allowing them to detect the specific pheromones released by a female in heat from long distances. This distance can vary slightly depending on the individual dog's breed, age, and health, as well as environmental factors such as temperature and humidity that affect scent dispersal.