how is bunching reduced on motorways

Bunching on motorways is primarily reduced by using variable speed limits that adapt to current traffic conditions. These limits are displayed on overhead gantries and help maintain a steady flow of vehicles, preventing sudden stops and starts which cause traffic bunching. Additionally, real-time monitoring through cameras and sensors allows authorities to adjust speed limits proactively, especially before bottlenecks or junctions, ensuring smoother traffic distribution. Smart motorways also use the hard shoulder as an additional lane during peak times to reduce congestion further. Overall, these measures maintain constant speeds, reduce congestion, and enhance safety on motorways.