Nitrofurantoin typically begins to work within a few hours to a couple of days, with many people noticing symptom relief within 24 to 48 hours after starting the medication. However, a full course of treatment usually lasts around 5 to 7 days to completely clear the infection and prevent it from returning. It is important to continue taking nitrofurantoin for the entire prescribed duration, even if symptoms improve early, to ensure the infection is fully treated. If symptoms do not improve within 3 days or worsen, consulting a healthcare provider is recommended.