how smart are dogs compared to humans

Dogs have a general cognitive factor (g factor) similar to humans, indicating interconnected cognitive abilities rather than isolated skills. Research shows that dogs’ intelligence is commonly compared to that of a 2- to 2.5-year-old human child, especially in terms of vocabulary, problem-solving, and understanding social cues. Dogs can learn hundreds of words, perform basic arithmetic, and exhibit complex behaviors such as deception and curiosity. Their cognitive abilities also decline with age in ways similar to humans. However, while dogs excel in concrete intelligence and practical problem- solving, human intelligence includes more advanced abstract thinking and reasoning beyond the capabilities of dogs.