To reset a MacBook to factory settings, the method depends on the macOS version and the MacBook model. For newer MacBooks running macOS Monterey or later with Apple Silicon or the Apple T2 security chip, you can use the built- in "Erase All Content and Settings" feature by going to the Apple menu > System Settings (or System Preferences) > General > Transfer or Reset > Erase All Content and Settings and following the prompts. This erases all data and settings while keeping the current operating system installed. For older MacBooks, you need to enter Recovery Mode by restarting the Mac and holding Command + R (for Intel-based Macs) or pressing and holding the power button until startup options appear (for M1 Macs). From there you use Disk Utility to erase the startup disk (usually named Macintosh HD) and then reinstall macOS from the macOS Utilities menu. You should also reset the NVRAM by restarting and holding Option + Command + P + R for about 20 seconds before erasing. Backing up the data before resetting is highly recommended as the process deletes everything on the MacBook. After the reset, the MacBook will restart to an activation or welcome screen ready for a new setup or new owner. If password or login access is not available, resetting follows similar steps via Recovery Mode but without options to back up data. This covers both the newer and older MacBook reset procedures comprehensively.
