Mongol women within the empire were treated with a degree of respect and held significant roles that were quite different from many contemporary societies. They had important social, political, and economic roles. Women, particularly those close to the khan, such as daughters and wives, could govern large areas of conquered land. They often managed camps, oversaw logistics critical for Mongol warfare, and participated actively in the economy by tending animals, processing food, and managing resources. Women in pastoral Mongol society had fewer restrictions and were involved in both productive and reproductive labor. They could own and inherit property, participate in tribal meetings, and even serve as regents in the absence of a male ruler. Notable women, such as Töregene and Sorghaghtani, exercised substantial political power after the death of Genghis Khan. Despite some harsh realities like the violence inflicted during conquests, including on women, Genghis Khan instituted laws against rape, kidnapping, and enslavement. Women’s roles included managing households, raising children, and hospitality, and they could sometimes divorce and remarry. Women were also skilled horse riders and even participated in warfare. The hierarchical structure among wives was recognized, with senior wives holding significant status. In summary, Mongol women were relatively empowered compared to many neighboring cultures, playing essential roles in governance, economy, family, and warfare within the vast Mongol Empire.
