An invasive species is a non-native species that has been introduced to a new environment where it causes harm to the native ecosystem, biodiversity, economy, or human health. These species often outcompete native species for resources, alter habitats, and disrupt ecological balance, sometimes leading to significant environmental damage. Invasive species can be introduced intentionally or accidentally by human activities such as trade or migration. They often exhibit traits like rapid reproduction, high adaptability, and the ability to thrive in a variety of environmental conditions, which help them spread and dominate in their new habitats.
Characteristics and Impacts
- Invasive species affect habitats and bioregions causing ecological, economic, and social damage.
- They may alter fire regimes, nutrient cycling, and hydrology of ecosystems.
- Examples include invasive plants like kudzu and Japanese knotweed, and animals like European rabbits and brown tree snakes.
- Island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable because of their isolated and specialized native species.
- Some invasive species release chemicals or change the behavior of animals, further affecting native species.
Pathways of Introduction
- Species become invasive through human-mediated introduction either intentionally (e.g., pets, crops) or accidentally (e.g., hitchhiking in containers).
- Their ability to survive and thrive in new environments depends on similarity to their native habitats and competitive abilities.
Examples and Management
- Invasive species include plants like water hyacinth and lantana, and animals like the Asian long-horned beetle which damage forests.
- Managing invasive species involves controlling their spread and mitigating damage to native ecosystems and economies.
In summary, invasive species are alien organisms that threaten native biodiversity and ecosystems by establishing and spreading in new environments, often with considerable negative consequences.
