Mitosis is the process where a single cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells. It involves several distinct phases:
- Interphase (preparation phase, not technically part of mitosis): The cell copies its DNA and prepares for division.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible; the nuclear membrane dissolves; mitotic spindle forms.
- Prometaphase (sometimes considered part of late prophase): The nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at kinetochores.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the cell's equatorial plane (metaphase plate).
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense and nuclear membranes reform around the two sets of chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis (often overlaps with telophase): The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
These phases together ensure that the two daughter cells receive identical sets of chromosomes, maintaining genetic stability.