squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of cancer that arises from squamous cells, which are flat cells that make up the outer layer of the skin as well as lining certain organs. It is the second most common form of skin cancer, typically appearing as red, scaly patches, sores that don’t heal, or raised growths that may crust, itch, or bleed. SCC usually develops in sun-exposed areas like the face, ears, neck, and hands but can also occur in other parts of the body including the head and neck region and genitals. There are multiple variants of squamous cell carcinoma depending on its specific location and cell characteristics. Initially, SCC may be localized and non- invasive (carcinoma in situ), but it can become invasive by penetrating nearby tissues, and potentially spread (metastasize) to other organs, which can be life-threatening if untreated. Risk factors include prolonged ultraviolet (UV) exposure from sunlight or tanning beds, immunosuppression, certain genetic mutations such as in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and pre-existing skin damage. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and confirmed by biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on tumor size and extent, including surgical excision, Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, radiation, topical medications, and photodynamic therapy. Early detection and treatment are important for a favorable outcome since most SCCs caught early are curable. Regular skin checks and protection from UV radiation reduce risk.