A red giant forms later in a star’s life, after the star has exhausted the hydrogen fuel in its core, whereas a star’s birth involves initial gravitational collapse of a pristine cloud and ignition of fusion. One similarity: both stages involve gravitational collapse and core heating that raise temperatures high enough for nuclear fusion to proceed, powering the star at that phase. One difference: the red giant phase occurs after hydrogen burning has ended in the core (driving the outer layers to expand and cool), while the star’s birth is marked by the onset of hydrogen fusion in the newly formed core during the main-sequence phase.
