Direct answer: The universal donor blood type for red blood cell transfusions is O negative (O−). This type can be given to patients of any other blood type in emergency or when the patient’s blood type is unknown, making it the safest option for immediate transfusion needs in most situations.
Context and nuances:
- O negative red blood cells are compatible with all eight common blood types (A+, A−, B+, B−, AB+, AB−, O+, O−) for red cell transfusions, which is why they’re considered universal donors in this context.
- The universal recipient for red blood cells is AB positive (AB+), meaning AB+ can receive red cells from any type. This is separate from the donor concept and often discussed alongside universal donor concepts.
- For plasma transfusions, the universal plasma donor is AB negative (AB−), which is a related but distinct concept from universal red cell donation.
- In practice, O− blood is especially critical in emergencies when there isn’t time to determine a patient’s exact blood type. O− is rarer in the population but highly valued for its broad compatibility in acute care.
Key takeaways:
- Universal donor (red blood cells): O negative (O−).
- Universal recipient (red blood cells): AB positive (AB+).
- Universal plasma donor: AB negative (AB−).
If you’d like, I can summarize guidelines from major organizations (e.g., Red Cross, Mayo Clinic) or tailor the information to a specific country’s practices.
