Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) are a unique species of salamander native to lakes and canals in the southern part of Mexico City, particularly Lake Xochimilco. They are notable for their condition called neoteny, which means they retain their larval features throughout their lives and do not undergo the usual metamorphosis into a terrestrial adult form. As a result, adult axolotls remain fully aquatic and keep external feathery gills on each side of their heads, which they use primarily for breathing, although they also have lungs
. Axolotls grow up to about 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) long and exhibit a variety of colors, including black, mottled brown, white, albino, and other color mutations. They have small legs, a long tail with a fin running from the head to the tail tip, and a dorsal fin. They are carnivorous, feeding on worms, insect larvae, small crustaceans, fish, and even other axolotls
. These amphibians are sometimes called "Mexican walking fish" due to their aquatic lifestyle and appearance, though they are not fish but amphibians
. Axolotls are critically endangered in the wild, with fewer than 1,000 individuals estimated to remain due to habitat loss, pollution, urbanization, and invasive species like tilapia and carp. Their natural habitat has been largely destroyed by the draining of lakes and urban development in Mexico City
. Axolotls are remarkable for their ability to regenerate lost body parts, including limbs, heart, spinal cord, and even parts of their brain. They can also accept transplanted organs and limbs from other axolotls without rejection, making them valuable for scientific and medical research
. In captivity, axolotls can live up to 10-15 years and are popular pets and research animals. Their name derives from the Aztec god Xolotl, associated with fire, lightning, and transformation, and the Nahuatl word "atl," meaning water, often translated as "water dog"
. In summary, axolotls are aquatic, neotenic salamanders native to Mexico, known for their permanent larval traits, regenerative abilities, and critical conservation status in the wild.
