what are executive functions

Executive functions are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior. They include basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (e.g., reasoning and problem-solving). Executive functions are responsible for many skills, including paying attention, organizing, planning, prioritizing, starting tasks and staying focused on them to completion, understanding different points of view, regulating emotions, and self-monitoring. They are necessary for filtering distractions, prioritizing tasks, setting and achieving goals, and controlling impulses. Executive functions gradually develop and change across the lifespan of an individual and can be improved at any time over the course of a persons life. However, they can also be adversely affected by a variety of events that affect an individual. Neuropsychological tests and rating scales are used to measure executive functions, and they are usually performed as part of a more comprehensive assessment to diagnose neurological and psychiatric disorders.