what are microcontrollers

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit chip that is designed to perform specific tasks in embedded systems. It combines the functions of a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output interfaces, all on a single chip. Microcontrollers are optimized for embedded applications that require both processing functionality and agile, responsive interaction with digital, analog, or electromechanical components. They are widely used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys, and other embedded systems. Microcontrollers are essentially simple miniature personal computers designed to control small features of a larger component, without a complex front-end operating system. They are found in a wide range of products, including consumer electronics, automobile engines, computer peripherals, and test and measurement equipment. Microcontrollers are different from microprocessors in that they are designed to execute a single task within an application, while microprocessors are used for big applications.