what are mrna vaccines

An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to produce an immune response. Instead of introducing a weakened or dead virus, these vaccines deliver mRNA—a genetic code that instructs cells to make a protein that is part of a virus, such as the spike protein found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. Once the mRNA is inside the body's cells, these cells follow the instructions to produce the viral protein. The immune system then recognizes this protein as foreign and mounts an immune response, including the production of antibodies. This prepares the immune system to quickly recognize and fight the actual virus if the person is exposed in the future. The mRNA itself does not enter the cell nucleus and does not alter the body's DNA. After the protein is made, the mRNA breaks down and is eliminated by the body. Advantages of mRNA vaccines include faster and lower-cost production compared to traditional vaccines, the ability to induce both cellular and humoral immunity, and no interaction with genomic DNA. However, some formulations may require very cold storage. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are notable examples of authorized mRNA vaccines that have been widely used. Researchers are also exploring this technology for vaccines against other diseases. In summary, mRNA vaccines work by using our own cells as protein makers to safely trigger an immune response to a pathogen, without using live virus particles.