Quantum numbers are a set of four integral numbers used to describe the precise properties and behavior of an electron in an atom. They provide a unique "address" for an electron by specifying its energy level, shape, orientation, and spin. The four quantum numbers are:
- Principal Quantum Number (n): Represents the energy level and most probable distance of the electron from the nucleus. It can take positive integer values starting from 1.
- Azimuthal (or Orbital Angular Momentum) Quantum Number (l): Describes the shape of the electron's orbital and can take values from 0 to (n - 1).
- Magnetic Quantum Number (m_l): Indicates the orientation of the orbital in space and can take values from -l to +l.
- Spin Quantum Number (m_s): Specifies the direction of the electron's spin, with possible values of +1/2 or -1/2.
Together, these quantum numbers uniquely describe the state of an electron within an atom according to quantum mechanics and the Schrödinger equation. No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all four quantum numbers, as stated by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
