The benefits of circumcision include several health advantages such as a reduced risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV, human papillomavirus (HPV), and genital herpes. It also helps prevent penile problems like balanitis, phimosis, and paraphimosis, and is associated with a lower risk of penile cancer and cervical cancer in sexual partners. Additionally, circumcision can make hygiene easier by allowing simpler cleaning of the penis. These benefits are supported by evidence from clinical studies and health organizations, although the extent of these benefits can vary by individual and population.
Key Benefits of Circumcision:
- Lower risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs): Circumcision reduces UTIs particularly in infants.
- Reduced risk of sexually transmitted infections: Including HIV (especially in high-risk populations), HPV, genital herpes, syphilis, chancroid, and possibly others.
- Prevention of penile conditions: Such as balanitis (inflammation of the glans), phimosis (inability to retract foreskin), and paraphimosis.
- Lower risk of penile cancer: Although rare, penile cancer is less common in circumcised males.
- Reduced risk of cervical cancer for female partners: Linked to decreased HPV transmission.
- Easier hygiene: Simplifies cleaning under the foreskin which may help reduce infections.
While these benefits are medically recognized, circumcision is also influenced by cultural, religious, and personal preferences. The risks associated with the procedure are generally low but include pain, bleeding, infection, and possible complications such as meatal stenosis. The American Academy of Pediatrics acknowledges that the health benefits outweigh the risks, but these benefits are not considered strong enough for a universal recommendation. Proper hygiene and safe sexual practices can also reduce infection risks irrespective of circumcision status.
