Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can offer advantages for farmers, consumers, and the environment, though they also come with debates and concerns. Below are some of the main benefits that current evidence highlights.
Higher yields and reliability
GM crops are often engineered to resist insects, diseases, or harsh conditions like drought, which can lead to higher and more stable yields compared with conventional varieties. Meta-analyses of many studies have found average yield increases of around 20% or more and improved farm profits where these crops are adopted.
Less pesticide use and environmental impact
Insect-resistant GM crops can reduce the need for chemical insecticides because the plant itself can fend off certain pests. Analyses of global data report roughly one‑third fewer chemical pesticides used on GM fields, which can lower environmental contamination and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from spraying operations.
Economic benefits for farmers
Because GM crops can reduce losses from pests and stress and may require fewer inputs, farmers often see higher net income per hectare. These gains can be especially important for smallholder farmers in developing countries, where improved yields translate directly into better food security and household income.
Improved nutrition and food quality
Some GM foods are designed to have better nutritional profiles, such as rice enriched with beta‑carotene (a source of vitamin A) to help prevent deficiency‑related blindness. Others are modified for traits like reduced formation of harmful compounds when cooked, better taste, or longer shelf life, which can cut food waste.
Food security and global goals
By producing more food on the same land with fewer inputs, GM crops can support a more stable and affordable food supply in the face of population growth and climate stress. These contributions align with international goals to reduce hunger and poverty and to promote more sustainable agriculture.