The main elements of Indian polity are:
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Indian Constitution: The Constitution of India lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the most important document in Indian polity and is divided into various parts and articles.
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Federal System with Unitary Bias: India is a federal system with a strong central government and a flexible constitution. The Constitution provides for a dual polity and contains provisions with regard to the organization and powers of the Centre and the States. However, the Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features.
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Fundamental Rights: The Constitution of India provides for fundamental rights such as the right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies.
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Directive Principles of State Policy: The Constitution of India also provides for directive principles of state policy, which are guidelines for the government to establish a just society in the country.
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Local Self Government: The Constitution of India provides for local self-government through the Panchayati Raj system.
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Constitutional Bodies and Non-Constitutional Bodies: The Constitution of India provides for various constitutional bodies such as the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Parliament, Supreme Court, and High Courts, as well as non-constitutional bodies such as the Election Commission, Finance Commission, and Planning Commission.
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Union and State Executive: The Constitution of India provides for the Union Executive, which includes the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney General, as well as the State Executive, which includes the Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, and Advocate General.
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Union and State Legislature: The Constitution of India provides for the Union Legislature, which includes the Parliament, and the State Legislature, which includes the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council.
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Judiciary: The Constitution of India provides for an integrated judiciary, which includes the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts.
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Citizenship: The Constitution of India provides for citizenship, which is acquired by birth, descent, registration, or naturalization.
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Election System: The Constitution of India provides for a democratic election system, which includes the Election Commission of India, political parties, and the right to vote.
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Federal System: The Constitution of India describes India as a Union of States' and provides for a federal system with a strong Centre.
These are some of the main elements of Indian polity.
