Migraines are a type of headache characterized by recurrent attacks of moderate to severe throbbing and pulsating pain on one side of the head. The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. Imbalances in brain chemicals, including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in the nervous system, may also contribute to migraines. Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines, as well as other neurotransmitters that play a role in the pain of migraines, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
There are many triggers that can cause migraines, and these triggers vary from person to person. Some common triggers include hormonal changes in women, fluctuations in estrogen, certain medications, drinking alcohol, especially red wine, drinking too much caffeine, stress, sensory stimulation such as bright lights or strong smells, sleep changes, weather changes, skipping meals, or certain foods like aged cheeses and processed foods.
Migraines are more common in women than in men, and women are more likely to have chronic migraines (migraines that occur 15 days a month or more). Hormones play a role in migraines, and fluctuations in hormones around the time of a womans period, during pregnancy, or during menopause can trigger migraines.
In summary, migraines are a type of headache that can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Changes in brain chemicals, including serotonin, and interactions with the trigeminal nerve may also contribute to migraines. Triggers for migraines can vary from person to person and include hormonal changes, certain medications, stress, sensory stimulation, sleep changes, weather changes, and certain foods.
