Stillbirth can result from a variety of factors, often involving the placenta, fetal health, umbilical cord issues, and maternal health conditions. In many cases, the precise cause remains unknown, even after thorough testing. Here are the main categories commonly discussed in reputable sources:
- Placental problems
- Placental abruption: the placenta separates from the uterus before birth, reducing oxygen and nutrient delivery.
- Placenta previa: the placenta covers the cervix, causing bleeding and complications.
- Insufficient placental blood flow or other placental dysfunction affecting fetal oxygen and nutrition.
- Fetal or genetic/structural issues
- Chromosomal abnormalities or genetic disorders present from conception.
- Congenital malformations that prevent the fetus from developing normally.
- Fetal growth restriction (inadequate growth in the womb) can be a contributing sign.
- Umbilical cord problems
- The cord becomes knotted, compressed, or otherwise disrupted, reducing or cutting off the baby’s oxygen supply, especially around term or during labor.
- Maternal health conditions
- Chronic hypertension or preeclampsia, which affect placental function and fetal well-being.
- Diabetes (especially if poorly controlled) and other maternal metabolic or autoimmune conditions.
- Thyroid disorders, obesity, infections, or blood type incompatibilities can play a role in some cases.
- Infections
- Certain bacterial or viral infections can affect the pregnancy and contribute to fetal loss in some situations.
- Unknown or multifactorial cases
- A large proportion of stillbirths have no clearly identifiable cause after standard evaluations. Ongoing research continues to improve understanding of these cases.
Important notes for context:
- The risk and contributing factors can vary by gestational age. Placental and fetal causes are frequently implicated in late-pregnancy stillbirths, while a mix of factors can be involved earlier on.
- Even with comprehensive testing, many stillbirths remain unexplained. This emphasizes the importance of regular prenatal care, timely screening, and discussing any concerns with a healthcare provider.
If this topic is for personal health reasons or pregnancy planning, it’s essential to discuss with a clinician who can tailor information to individual risk factors, medical history, and local guidelines. If you’d like, I can summarize guidance from trusted health sources or help you prepare questions for a medical appointment.
