Leukemia is caused by genetic mutations in the DNA of blood cells, particularly white blood cells, which disrupt normal cell growth and function. These mutations cause the cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to an accumulation of abnormal cells in the bone marrow and blood, crowding out healthy cells
. The exact cause of these DNA mutations is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors
. Known risk factors and causes include:
- Exposure to radiation: High doses of ionizing radiation, such as from atomic bomb blasts, nuclear accidents, or certain radiation therapies, increase leukemia risk
- Chemical exposure: Contact with chemicals like benzene (found in gasoline, cigarette smoke, and some industrial products) and formaldehyde is linked to higher leukemia risk
- Previous cancer treatments: Chemotherapy drugs, especially alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, and radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk of developing leukemia
- Genetic conditions: Some inherited genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and the Philadelphia chromosome, increase leukemia susceptibility
- Viruses: Certain viruses, like the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1), have been associated with specific leukemia types
- Lifestyle factors: Smoking is associated with a small increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
In summary, leukemia arises from mutations in blood cell DNA caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including radiation, chemical exposures, prior cancer therapies, genetic predispositions, and some viral infections
