Pancreatitis in humans is caused primarily by inflammation and swelling of the pancreas due to various factors. The most common causes of pancreatitis are gallstones and heavy alcohol use. Gallstones can block the bile or pancreatic ducts, leading to inflammation known as gallstone pancreatitis. Heavy alcohol consumption is a major cause, especially for chronic pancreatitis, which involves long-term damage and scarring of the pancreas. Other causes of pancreatitis include:
- Genetic disorders affecting pancreatic enzyme regulation
- Certain medications (such as immunosuppressants, estrogens, and diuretics)
- High levels of triglycerides (hyperlipidemia) or calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia)
- Infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites
- Injury or trauma to the abdomen
- Autoimmune diseases and vascular conditions affecting the pancreas
- Pancreatic structural problems or tumors
- Procedures like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
In some cases, the cause of pancreatitis is unknown, termed idiopathic pancreatitis. These causes apply to both acute and chronic forms, with some variations in prevalence and contribution depending on the pancreatitis type.
