Spina bifida is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Key causes and risk factors include:
- A deficiency in folic acid (vitamin B9) before and during early pregnancy, which plays a significant role in preventing the condition.
- Genetic predisposition, with an estimated 60-70% genetic component, although few specific genes have been identified.
- Environmental factors such as maternal diabetes, obesity, exposure to certain anti-seizure medications (like valproic acid), and possibly increased body temperature early in pregnancy.
- Family history of neural tube defects slightly increases the risk.
Spina bifida occurs when the neural tube, which forms the baby's brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly during early embryonic development, typically around 3-4 weeks of pregnancy. Preventative measures like taking folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk significantly. Other risk factors include poorly controlled diabetes and certain medications during pregnancy.
