Stomach cramps are common and can be caused by a wide range of factors. Most are harmless and resolve on their own, but some require medical attention if they are severe, persistent, or accompanied by worrisome symptoms. Key causes
- Digestive issues: gas, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, food poisoning, gastroenteritis, gastritis, ulcers, or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These often produce cramps along with changes in bowel habits, bloating, or nausea.
- Infections and inflammation: viral or bacterial stomach flu, foodborne illness, or inflammatory conditions affecting the stomach or intestines.
- Food-related factors: lactose intolerance or other food intolerances, allergic reactions, or eating contaminated or spoiled foods.
- Gynecologic causes (in people with a uterus): menstrual cramps, ovulation pain, or other reproductive tract conditions.
- Other: stress and anxiety can affect digestion and may worsen cramps; certain medications or chronic conditions (like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis) can also cause abdominal cramping.
Red flag symptoms that need prompt medical evaluation
- Severe or persistent cramps lasting more than a few days
- Sudden, severe abdominal pain or a rigid abdomen
- Fever, vomiting that won’t stop, or signs of dehydration (very dry mouth, dark urine, dizziness)
- Blood in stool or vomit
- Unexplained weight loss, jaundice, or swelling of the abdomen
- Pregnancy-related concerns (pregnant individuals should seek care if cramps are concerning)
What you can do now
- Hydration: sip fluids regularly, especially if there’s vomiting or diarrhea; avoid alcohol and caffeine if the stomach is upset.
- Diet: eat light, bland foods (e.g., BRAT: bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) and gradually reintroduce other foods as tolerated. Note any foods that seem to provoke cramps.
- Rest and stress management: gentle movement or a warm compress can help some people.
- Over-the-counter options: antacids for sour stomach, or anti-gas remedies for bloating; in some cases, nonprescription antispasmodics may help cramps, but use as directed and avoid if you have certain medical conditions or are pregnant. Always check with a healthcare provider if unsure.
- When to seek care: if cramps are severe, persistent, or accompanied by red flag symptoms listed above, or if there’s concern about an underlying condition.
If you’d like, share any of the following to tailor guidance:
- Your age and sex
- Duration, location, and character of the cramps
- Associated symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, blood in stool, urinary symptoms)
- Recent meals or exposures (travel, food, contacts with illness)
- Any medical history or current medications
This information can help determine whether self-care is appropriate or if a medical evaluation is advised.
