The government shuts down primarily because Congress fails to pass funding legislation to finance government operations for the new fiscal year or a temporary funding measure. Without an approved spending bill or continuing resolution by the deadline (usually October 1), the government runs out of money, forcing non-essential federal agencies to cease operations and furlough many workers. Essential services may continue but often without pay until funding is restored. This failure to agree on funding often arises from political disputes and disagreements between parties or branches of government over budget priorities, spending levels, and policy riders such as healthcare provisions. For example, recent government shutdowns have resulted from disputes over health care tax credits, spending cuts, and other policy issues. In summary:
- Congress must approve appropriations bills or temporary funding measures to finance government operations.
- If no funding legislation passes by the fiscal deadline, government agencies must halt non-essential functions.
- Political disagreements and budget disputes between parties commonly trigger these shutdowns.
- Essential services continue with furloughed employees awaiting back pay upon reopening.
This process and cause are consistent with U.S. law, notably the Antideficiency Act, which mandates government shutdowns when appropriations lapse.
