Throat cancer is caused by genetic mutations in the cells of the throat that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. While the exact triggers of these mutations are not fully understood, several key risk factors have been identified:
- Tobacco use: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, as well as chewing tobacco or betel quid, significantly increases the risk of throat cancer
- Excessive alcohol consumption: Heavy drinking, especially combined with tobacco use, dramatically raises the risk
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: HPV, a common sexually transmitted virus often contracted through oral sex, is linked to many throat cancers, particularly those affecting the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue. HPV-related throat cancers are rising, especially among younger people
- Other viral infections: Epstein-Barr virus has also been associated with increased risk
- Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables or high in processed and fatty foods may contribute to risk
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux can increase risk
- Exposure to toxic substances: Occupational exposure to asbestos, coal or wood dust, paint or diesel fumes, nickel, sulfuric acid fumes, formaldehyde, and other industrial chemicals can raise risk
- Other factors: Age (most cases occur after age 65), male sex (men are more likely affected), family history, and race also influence risk
In summary, throat cancer arises from DNA mutations in throat cells, with tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, and environmental exposures being the primary known causes that increase the likelihood of these mutations and cancer development
