what causes turbulence

Turbulence is caused by various factors, including mechanical turbulence, thermal turbulence, and environmental conditions such as mountains, jet streams, and storms. Mechanical turbulence occurs when solid objects obstruct the flow of air, while thermal turbulence is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface, leading to the mixing of hot and cold air. Environmental factors like mountains, jet streams, and storms can also contribute to the creation of turbulent air currents. Additionally, wake turbulence from other aircraft and thermals triggered by the heat of the sun can lead to a bumpy ride for airplanes