Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are primarily caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract through the urethra and then multiplying in the bladder or other parts of the urinary system. The most common bacteria responsible for UTIs is Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the bowel and can spread to the urethra, especially in women due to their anatomy
. Several factors increase the risk of developing a UTI:
- Female anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra and its opening is close to the anus and vagina, making it easier for bacteria to enter and travel to the bladder
- Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can move bacteria to the urethra, increasing infection risk, particularly in young sexually active women
- Use of certain birth control methods: Diaphragms and spermicidal agents can increase UTI risk by irritating the skin or affecting urinary flow
- Menopause: Hormonal changes after menopause can alter the urinary tract and increase susceptibility
- Urinary tract abnormalities or blockages: Conditions like kidney stones, enlarged prostate, or urinary retention can trap urine and promote bacterial growth
- Weakened immune system: Diseases such as diabetes can impair the body's ability to fight infections
- Use of urinary catheters or other medical devices in the urinary tract
- Other factors include not drinking enough fluids, holding urine for long periods, pregnancy, obesity, and a history of previous UTIs
In rare cases, UTIs can be caused by fungi or viruses, or bacteria entering from the bloodstream
. In summary, UTIs are caused when bacteria, most commonly E. coli from the digestive tract, enter and multiply in the urinary tract, with risk factors related to anatomy, sexual activity, certain medical conditions, and urinary tract abnormalities
