Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women are mainly caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally live in the bowel. The infection occurs when these bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder. Several factors contribute to the higher incidence of UTIs in women:
- Female anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra than men, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. The urethral opening is also close to the anus and vagina, both sources of bacteria.
- Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can move bacteria to the urethral opening.
- Birth control methods: Use of spermicides, diaphragms, or certain types of condoms can cause irritation or change bacterial balance, increasing infection risk.
- Menopause and hormonal changes: Declining estrogen levels cause changes in the urinary tract and vaginal microbiome, increasing risk.
- Other risk factors: Not drinking enough fluids, holding urine for long periods, urinary tract blockages (e.g., kidney stones), diabetes, use of catheters, and certain health conditions that impair immune response or bladder emptying.
In summary, UTIs are caused by bacterial infection facilitated by anatomical, behavioral, and physiological factors unique to women. The majority of infections stem from bowel bacteria like E. coli reaching the urinary tract and proliferating there.
