Here is what the main parts of a lift (elevator) do:
- Motor and Traction Machine : The motor powers the traction machine, which turns the drive sheave (a pulley). This sheave moves the hoist ropes that lift and lower the elevator car. The motor is typically an electric motor, often controlled by a variable frequency drive for smooth operation
- Drive Sheave : The sheave is the pulley over which the hoist ropes run. As it turns, it pulls the elevator car up or lets it down. The sheave is driven by the motor
- Hoist Ropes : These steel cables connect the elevator car to the counterweight and run over the drive sheave. They bear the load and transmit the motor’s motion to the car
- Counterweight : Balanced against the elevator car, the counterweight weighs about as much as the car plus 40-50% of its maximum load. This reduces the motor’s energy consumption by balancing the load, making lifting easier and safer
- Elevator Car (Cabin) : The compartment that carries passengers or goods. It moves vertically inside the hoistway guided by rails and contains the control panel for user commands
- Guide Rails : Vertical steel rails inside the hoistway that keep the elevator car and counterweight moving smoothly and prevent lateral movement
- Controller (Control System) : The "brain" of the elevator that manages motor operation, speed, acceleration, and stopping at floors. It processes signals from buttons and sensors to ensure safe and smooth travel. It uses low voltage for controls and 3-phase power for the motor
- Safety Gear and Overspeed Governor : The governor monitors the elevator’s speed. If the car moves too fast, it triggers the safety gear to clamp onto the guide rails and stop the car, preventing accidents
- Buffers : Located at the bottom of the shaft, buffers absorb energy if the car or counterweight descends too far, acting as shock absorbers to protect passengers and equipment
- Doors : Elevator doors provide safe entry and exit. They can be manual or automatic, with locking mechanisms to prevent the lift from moving when doors are open
- Pulleys and Rope Attachments : Pulleys guide and redirect ropes in the system. Rope attachments secure the ends of ropes and maintain tension
Together, these components ensure the elevator moves safely, efficiently, and smoothly between floors, balancing power use and passenger comfort
