Hormonal acne is caused by changes in hormone levels, particularly androgens like testosterone, which increase sebum production in the skin. Other hormones like progesterone, estrogen, and insulin growth factor 1 can also play a role in acne formation
. Hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause can trigger acne in women
. Hormonal therapy, such as oral contraceptives, anti-androgens, and glucocorticoids, can be effective in treating hormonal acne
