Information is the processed, organized, and interpreted output derived from raw data that adds meaning and value, enabling understanding, communication, learning, and decision-making. Unlike raw data, which are unprocessed facts or figures, information provides context and comprehensibility, making it useful and actionable
. Information can be categorized in several ways, including:
- Conceptual: Ideas, theories, hypotheses, and abstract notions (e.g., Darwin's theory of evolution)
- Empirical: Information obtained through observation, experimentation, and scientific methods (e.g., atomic theory, gravity)
- Procedural: Knowledge on how to perform tasks or procedures (e.g., riding a bike, driving a car)
- Policy: Laws, regulations, guidelines, and rules that guide decision-making (e.g., employee handbooks, government policies)
- Directive: Instructions or directions aimed at achieving specific outcomes (e.g., medical orders, military commands)
- Stimulatory: Information intended to provoke a reaction or motivate action (e.g., fight-or-flight response, celebrations)
Additionally, information can be factual (based on proven facts) or analytical (interpretation of facts), and subjective (opinion-based) or objective (fact- based, though true objectivity is debated)
. In summary, information transforms data into meaningful knowledge that supports problem-solving, strategic planning, and effective communication across various media and contexts
