A caliph is the leader of the Muslim community in Islamic history, holding both temporal and sometimes spiritual authority
. The term "caliph" is derived from the Arabic word "khalīfah," which means "successor," "steward," or "deputy"
. The caliph is considered the successor of the Prophet Muhammad and is responsible for leading the Muslim community in accordance with Islamic law (Sharia)
. The institution of the caliphate has evolved over time, with different caliphs holding power in various regions and dynasties
. The Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) was followed by the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
. The caliphate grew rapidly through conquest during its first two centuries, eventually including North Africa, Spain, and other territories
. However, dynastic struggles later brought about the caliphate's decline, and it ceased to exist as a functioning political institution with the Mongol destruction of Baghdad
. In modern times, the concept of the caliphate has been used by various groups, including the Islamic State, to claim legitimacy and authority
. However, the Islamic State's caliphate was never widely recognized among the global Muslim community
