what is a possible long-term effect of continued exposure to air pollution?

A possible long-term effect of continued exposure to air pollution is an increased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD), stroke, lung cancer, and neurological conditions including cognitive decline and dementia. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and pollutants like nitrogen dioxide can cause systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and damage to organs, which contribute to these health outcomes. Additionally, it can lead to reduced lung function, premature death, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and even certain cancers. The risks accumulate over months or years of exposure and affect multiple organs in the body due to the ability of small particles to penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream.